LNG Moving Offshore

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Wednesday

Thursday

Travel & Lodging

Hilton Houston Westchase Hotel

About Houston

Sponsors

Participants

ABB Lummus Global, Inc.

ABB Vetco Gray, Inc.

ABS Conulting

Aker Kvaerner

American Bureau of Shipping

APL

Baker Concrete Construction Services

Ben C. Gerwick, Inc.

Bennett & Associates, LLC

Bluewater Offshore Production Systems (USA), Inc.

BP America Inc

Bureau Veritas North America

Calhoon MEBA Engineering School

California LNG Consumers

CB & I

Chart Energy & Chemicals Group

Chart Industries Inc.

ChevronTexaco

Chiyoda Corp.

ConnexSVT Inc.

Conversion Gas Imports, LLC

Crystal Energy LLC

DNV

Dredging International Mexico

Dresser-Rand

Ecology & Environment, Inc.

El Paso Eastern Pipelines

Entrix

Excelerate Energy LLC

Exmar

ExxonMobil Gas Inc.

ExxonMobil LNG Market Development Inc.

ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company

Fearnleys

FMC SOFEC Floating Systems

Freeport-McMoRan Energy, LLC

Han-Padron Associates, LLC

Höegh LNG

Inchcape Shipping Services

Intech

International Association of Maritime Universities

JGC USA

KBR Development Corporation

M & H Energy Services

Marathon Oil Company

Maritime Oil and Gas Corporation

MEBA

Mitsui O.S.K. Bulk Shipping (USA), Inc.

Mustang Engineering

Nations Energy

Oiltanking

Pate Capital Partner

Petra

Petrobras

Project Consulting Services

Process Technical Services, Inc.

PTL Associates, Inc

Remora Technology

Sea Engineering

Shell Global Solutions International BV

Single Buoy Moorings (SBM)

Snamprogetti USA

Spectrum Energy Services

Tambeyneftegas

Technigaz/ Saipem S.A.

Technip

Teekay Gas and Offshore

Teekay Shipping

Tetra Tech

Tractebel Gas Engineering

TradeWinds

TRC Incorporated, Inc.

University of Arkansas

Yuma Exploration & Production

Zeus Development Corporation


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Overview

The LNG industry is beginning to move offshore, in part as a defensive tactic to avoid the safety and security concerns of local citizens to shore-based terminals and in part as an offensive move to access more gas reserves and possibly gain manufacturing efficiencies in remote locations. Project developers and the engineering contractors and equipment manufacturers that support them are working out the technical challenges of marinizing liquefaction, storage, loading, unloading and regas systems.

The move offshore changes the economics of LNG project development. For import terminals, developers have the incentive to build as large a terminal as possible, because the cost of incremental capacity additions to offshore terminals are less of the original investment than with shore-based terminals. This may limit offshore terminals to locations that have the capability to take large amounts of gas without crushing prices. The reader might note that four of the above terminals are proposed in the Gulf of Mexico, where gas markets are theoretically deep enough to absorb several Bcf of imports. Such developers as ChevronTexaco have announced phases of capacity additions.

For offshore liquefaction, developers believe barge-mounted plants may offer a means to access gas reserves close to high-priced markets, but too small for shore-based plants. Some developers believe mid-sized plants would be economical for gas fields of one to five Tcf.

Marie Naklie, president of Stanford Engineering Ltd. and formerly the head of Mobil's offshore liquefaction plant development team, disagrees. She believes the economics of offshore liquefaction will dictate that developers build full-scale liquefaction plants capable of exporting 7-10 MTPA. Developers would move these full-sized plants as midsized fields are depleted in say three to five years instead of the typical 25 years.

For areas coming under increased regulation to halt the flaring of associated gas, E&P companies are still keen to find a gas-management solution. Liquefying and storing gas on an oil floating-production-storage-offloading (FPSO) vessel continues to attract attention, although the technical challenges are considerable.